Skip to main content

Foundations of Evaluation for Planetary Health: Foundations of Evaluation for Planetary Health

Foundations of Evaluation for Planetary Health
Foundations of Evaluation for Planetary Health
  • Show the following:

    Annotations
    Resources
  • Adjust appearance:

    Font
    Font style
    Color Scheme
    Light
    Dark
    Annotation contrast
    Low
    High
    Margins
  • Search within:
    • My Notes + Comments
    • Notifications
    • Privacy
  • Project HomeFoundations of Evaluation for Planetary Health
  • Projects
  • Learn more about Manifold

Notes

table of contents
  1. Abstract
  2. Acknowledgements
  3. About the Authors
    1. Astrid Brousselle
    2. Kai Mountfort
  4. Invitation
  5. Prologue: The Hummingbird Fable
  6. Introduction
    1. Earth Day Evaluation Declaration 2024
    2. Endnotes
  7. 1. Context Matters: Evaluation in the 21st Century
    1. Highlights
    2. Introduction
    3. Environmental and Social Depletion
    4. Reducing Risks
    5. Local Cultural Contexts
    6. Evaluation Takes Place in a Political Context
    7. Post-truth Influence as the New Propaganda
    8. Conclusion
    9. Endnotes
  8. 2. Evaluation for Planetary Health
    1. Highlights
    2. Introduction
    3. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
    4. The Planetary Health Framework
    5. A Transformative Approach
    6. Conclusion
    7. Endnotes
  9. 3. The Planetary Health Rapid Impact Assessment Tool
    1. Highlights
    2. Introduction
    3. The Planetary Health Rapid Impact Assessment Tool
    4. Conclusion
    5. Endnotes
  10. 4. Evaluation: Definitions, Approaches and Questions
    1. Highlights
    2. Introduction
    3. Definitions
    4. Evaluation Approaches
    5. When to Evaluate and for What Purpose?
    6. Evaluative Questions
    7. Conclusion
    8. Endnotes
  11. 5. Preparing for the Evaluation
    1. Highlights
    2. Introduction
    3. Evaluation Use and the Importance of Mapping the Context
    4. Drafting an Evaluation Plan
    5. Summary
    6. Conclusion
    7. Endnotes
  12. 6. Representing the Intervention
    1. Highlights
    2. Introduction
    3. The Causal Model
    4. The Logic Model
    5. Use of Logic Models
    6. Different Visual Representations of the Intervention
    7. Conclusion
    8. Endnotes
  13. 7. Logic Analysis
    1. Highlights
    2. Introduction
    3. Foundations of Logic Analysis
    4. Types of Logic Analysis
    5. Steps for Conducting a Direct Logic Analysis
    6. Steps for Conducting a Reverse Logic Analysis
    7. Conclusion
    8. Endnotes
  14. 8. Effect Analysis and Related Approaches
    1. Highlights
    2. Introduction
    3. Defining Effects and Causal Relationship
    4. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research Designs
    5. Contribution Analysis
    6. Impact Evaluation
    7. Considering Planetary Health Dimensions when Evaluating Impacts
    8. Outcome Harvesting
    9. Conclusion
    10. Endnotes
  15. 9. Implementation Analysis
    1. Highlights
    2. Introduction
    3. In the Literature
    4. Implementation Analysis Questions
    5. Evaluation Designs for Implementation Analysis
    6. Impacts on Planetary Health
    7. Conclusion
    8. Endnotes
  16. 10. Economic Evaluation
    1. Highlights
    2. Introduction
    3. Background
    4. Types of Economic Evaluations
    5. The Comparator
    6. Cost Calculation
    7. Time Horizon
    8. Uncertainty
    9. Decision Criteria
    10. Limitations of Existing Approaches
    11. A Proposal for Useful Economic Evaluations for Planetary Health
    12. Conclusion
    13. Endnotes
  17. 11. Needs Assessment
    1. Highlights
    2. Introduction
    3. Defining What is, What should be and For Whom
    4. Contextual Elements and Boundaries
    5. Ex-ante and Ex-post
    6. Other important Considerations
    7. Next Steps?
    8. A Political Exercise
    9. Summary
    10. Endnotes
  18. 12. Monitoring
    1. Highlights
    2. Introduction
    3. Focus
    4. Establishing a Monitoring System
    5. Reporting and Other Considerations
    6. Gaming and Other Behavioural Effects
    7. Conclusion
    8. Endnotes
  19. 13. An Example: Evaluating a Local Government Official Community Plan Using Planetary Health Lenses
    1. Introduction
    2. Characterizing the OCP Within the Context of the Planetary Health Framework
    3. Data Collection
    4. Findings
    5. Recommendations
    6. Conclusion
    7. Endnotes
  20. 14. Further Thoughts and Resources
    1. Endnotes
  21. Bibliography

Affairs, M. o. M. (2019). Municipal Powers & Services—Province of British Columbia. Municipal Powers and Services. Government of British Columbia. Retrieved June 18, 2025 from https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/governments/local-governments/governance-powers/powers-services/municipal-powers-services

Affairs, M. o. M. (2024). Official community plans for local governments. Government of British Columbia. Government of British Columbia. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/governments/local-governments/planning-land-use/local-government-planning/official-community-plans

Agence Canadienne des Médicaments et des Technologies de la Santé. (2006). Guidelines for the Economic Evaluation of Health Technologies: Canada. 3rd Edition.

Agrawal, A., & Ribot, J. (1999). Accountability in Decentralization: A Framework with South Asian and West African Cases. The Journal of Developing Areas, 33(4), 295–312.

Alexander, S. (2015a). Prosperous Descent: Crisis as Opportunity in an Age of Limits. Simplicity Institute.

Alexander, S. (2015b). Sufficiency Economy. Simplicity Institute.

Alkin, M. C. (2004). Evaluation Roots. Tracing Theorists’ Views and Influences. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412984157

Arendt, H. (2005/1967). Truth and Politics. In Truth (pp. 295–314). Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470776407.ch19

Baier, G., & Brown, D. (2019). The environmental union. In H. Bakvis, D. M. Brown, G. Baier, & D. M. Brown (Eds.), Contested federalism : certainty and ambiguity in the Canadian federation (2nd edition ed.). Oxford University Press.

Barbrook-Johnson, P., & Penn, A. S. (2022). Participatory Systems Mapping. In Systems Mapping. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_5

Benmahrnia, T., Dionne, P., Tchouaket, E., Fansi, A., & Brousselle, A., I. (2017). Investing in a healthy lifestyle strategy: is it worth it? International Journal of Public Health, 62, 2-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-016-0884-y

Benton, L., Brousselle, A., J., M., Whitmee, S., & Haynes, A. (2025). Need for planetary health perspective in guidance for complex interventions for climate and health. The British Medical Journal, 389(June). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2024-083337

Bernays, E. L. (1928). Propaganda. Kennikat Press.

BetterEvaluation. (2025). Bricolage evaluation design. https://www.betterevaluation.org/methods-approaches/methods/bricolage-evaluation-design

Birley, M. H. (2011). Health Impact Assessment : Principles and Practice. Taylor & Francis Group, ProQuest Ebook Central. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849777070

Black, D., Morris, J., Smith, C., & al., e. (1980). Inequalities in Health: The Black Report: The Health Divide. Penguin Books.

Bohmholdt, A. (2014). Evaluating the Triple Bottom Line Using Sustainable Return on Investment: The Triple Bottom Line Using Sustainable ROI. Remediation Journal, 24, 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.21404

Bowen, K. J., Cradock-Henry, N. A., Koch, F., Patterson, J., Häyhä, T., Vogt, J., & Barbi, F. (2017). Implementing the “Sustainable Development Goals”: towards addressing three key governance challenges— collective action, trade-offs, and accountability. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 26-27, 90-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.05.002

Bowman, N. (2019). Nation-to-Nation Evaluation: Governance, Tribal Sovereignty, and Systems Thinking through Culturally Responsive Indigenous Evaluations. Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation/Revue canadienne d’évaluation de programme, 34(2). https://doi.org/10.3138/cjpe.67977

Bowman, N., & Bremner, L. (2024). Indigenous Data Sovereignty: Applying It By, With, For, and Through Indigenous Evaluators and Evaluations. Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation/Revue canadienne d’évaluation de programme, 39(2), 265-287. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjpe-2024-0039

Brahms, Y. (2020). Philosophy of Post-Truth. Institute for National Security Studies. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep23537

Bremner, L. K., Johnston, A. L. K., G., R., Sasakamoose, J., & Evans, J. (2020). Exploring Indigenous Approaches to Evaluation and Research in the Context of Victim Services and Supports. Summary by Jane Evans. Papers Submitted to the Department of Justice Canada by Larry K. Bremner, Andrea L.K. Johnston, Gladys Rowe, JoLee Sasakamoose, Department of Justice Canada/ Ministère de la Justice Canada (last accessed online on Aug 20, 2024): https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/jr/eiaer-eaame/docs/rsd_rr2020-indigenous-approaches-to-evaluation-and-research-eng.pdf.

Breton, M., Smithman, M. A., Kreindler, S. A., Jbilou, J., Wong, S. T., Gard Marshall, E., Sasseville, M., Sutherland, J. M., Crooks, V. A., Shaw, J., Contandriopoulos, D., Brousselle, A., & Green, M. (2021). Designing centralized waiting lists for attachment to a primary care provider: Considerations from a logic analysis. Evaluation and Program Planning, 89(Dec). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2021.101962

Brodin, T., Bertram, M. G., Arnold, K. E., & al., e. (2024). The urgent need for designing greener drugs. Nature Sustainability (Online First). https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.uvic.ca/10.1038/s41893-024-01374-y

Brousselle, A. (2004). What Counts is not Falling... but Landing: Strategic Analysis: An Adapted Model for Implementation Evaluation. Evaluation 10(2), 155–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389004046292

Brousselle, A. (2024). Post-truth and pathways for evaluators. Evaluation, 30(4), 533-549. https://doi.org/10.1177/13563890241265859

Brousselle, A. (2025). Post-truth: what are the implications for evaluators? In J. A. Chouinard & S. Thiessen (Eds.), Transforming Public Administration in Canada. An exploration of Social Equity in Research, Practice and Teaching (pp. 93-106). Information Age Publishing.

Brousselle, A., Benmarhnia, T., & Benhadj, L. (2016). What are the benefits and risks of using return on investment to defend public health programs? Preventive Medicine Reports, 3, 135-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.11.015

Brousselle, A., Bremner, L., Parata, K., Hasan, A. A., Felcis, W., Belzer, A., Kedoté, M., Nanda, R., Rey, L., & Veira-da-Silva, L. M. (2024a). Foundations for a utopia in evaluation. The Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation/Revue canadienne d’évaluation de programme, 39(2), 171-194. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjpe-2023-0026

Brousselle, A., & Buregeya, J.-M. (2018). Theory-based evaluations: Framing the existence of a new theory in evaluation and the rise of the 5th generation. Evaluation, 24(2), 153 –168. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389018765487

Brousselle, A., & Champagne, F. (2004). How was the UNAIDS drug access initiative implemented in Chile? Evaluation and Program Planning, 27(3), 295–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2004.04.004

Brousselle, A., & Champagne, F. (2011). Program theory evaluation: logic analysis. Evaluation and Program Planning, 34(1), 69-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2010.04.001

Brousselle, A., Champagne, F., & Contandriopoulos, A.-P. (2006). Vers une réconciliation des théories et de la pratique de l'évaluation, perspectives d'avenir. Mesure et Évaluation en Éducation, 29(3), 57-73. https://doi.org/10.7202/1086394ar

Brousselle, A., Champagne, F., Contandriopoulos, A.-P., & Hartz, Z. (2011a). Avaliaçao: conceitos e métodos. Editora Fiocruz.

Brousselle, A., Champagne, F., Contandriopoulos, A. P., & Hartz, Z. (2011b). L'Évaluation: Concepts et méthodes (2nd edition ed.). Presses de l’Université de Montréal.

Brousselle, A., Contandriopoulos, D., & Lemire, M. (2009). Using logic analysis to evaluate knowledge transfer initiatives: the case of the Research Collective on the Organization of Primary Care Services. Evaluation, 15(2), 165-183. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389008101967

Brousselle, A., Curren, M., Dunbar, B., McDavid, J., Logtenberg, R., & Ney, T. (2024b). Planetary Health: Creating Rapid Impact Assessment Tools. Evaluation, 30(2), 269-287 https://doi.org/10.1177/13563890241227433

Brousselle, A., Kennedy, C., & Brunet-Jailly, E. (2020). More crises to come: managing risk and fostering resilience with COVID-19 pandemic recovery. Canadian Public Administration/ Administration Publique du Canada, 63(3), 391-408. https://doi.org/10.1111/capa.12388

Brousselle, A., Lachaine, J., & Contandriopoulos, A. P. (2011c). L’évaluation économique. In A. Brousselle, F. Champagne, A. P. Contandriopoulos, & Z. Hartz (Eds.), L’Évaluation: Concepts et Méthodes (pp. 187-223). Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal.

Brousselle, A., & Lessard, C. (2011). Economic evaluation to inform health care decision-making: Promise, pitfalls and a proposal for an alternative path. Social Sciences & Medicine, 72(6), 832-839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.01.008

Brousselle, A., & McDavid, J. (2020). Evaluators in the Anthropocene. Evaluation, 26(2), 190-204. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389020911060

Brousselle, A., & McDavid, J. (2021). Evaluation for Planetary Health. Evaluation, 27(2), 168-183. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389020952462

Brousselle, A., McDavid, J., Curren, M., Logtenberg, R., Dunbar, B., & Ney, T. (2022). A theory-based approach to designing interventions for Planetary Health. Evaluation, 28(3), 330-355. https://doi.org/10.1177/13563890221107044

Bryan, S., Coyle, D., Krahn, M., & C, M. (2017). Guidelines for the Economic Evaluation of Health Technologies: Canada. https://www.cadth.ca/guidelines-economic-evaluation-health-technologies-canada-4th-edition

Buregeya, J.-M., Loignon, C., & Brousselle, A. (2019). Contribution to healthy places: Risks of equity free health impact assessment. Evaluation and Program Planning, 73(April), 138-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2018.12.007

Butland, B., Jebb, S., Kopelman, P., McPherson, K., Thomas, S., Mardell, J., & Parry, V. (2007). Tackling obesities: future choices - project report (2nd edition). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a759da7e5274a4368298a4f/07-1184x-tackling-obesities-future-choices-report.pdf

CAPP. (2021). Indigenous Engagement and ESG Report. https://www.capp.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Indigenous-Engagement-and-ESG-Report-397763.pdf

Caro, J. (2009). Editorial: Pursuing efficiency: A dead end for HTA? Value in Health, 12, S49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4733.2009.00559.x

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Developing an Effective Evaluation Plan, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Atlanta, Georgia.

Champagne, F., Brousselle, A., Contandriopoulos, A.-P., & Hartz, Z. (2009). L’analyse logique. In A. Brousselle, F. Champagne, A.-P. Contandriopoulos, & Z. Hartz (Eds.), L’Évaluation: Concepts et Méthodes (pp. 103-112). Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal.

Champagne, F., Brousselle, A., Contandriopoulos, A. P., & Hartz, Z. (2011a). L’analyse des effets. In A. Brousselle, F. Champagne, A. P. Contandriopoulos, & Z. Hartz (Eds.), L’Évaluation: Concepts et Méthodes. Deuxième édition mise à jour. Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal.

Champagne, F., Brousselle, A., Hartz, Z., Contandriopoulos, A. P., & Denis, J. L. (2011b). L’analyse de l’implantation. In A. Brousselle, F. Champagne, A. P. Contandriopoulos, & Z. Hartz (Eds.), L’Évaluation: Concepts et Méthodes (pp. 237-273). Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal.

Champagne, F., Contandriopoulos, A., Brousselle, A., Hartz, Z., & Denis, J. L. (2011c). L’évaluation dans le domaine de la santé : concepts et méthodes. In A. Brousselle, F. Champagne, A.-P. Contandriopoulos, & Z. Hartz (Eds.), L’évaluation: Concepts et Méthodes (2nd edition ed., pp. 35-56). Presses de l’Université de Montréal.

Champagne, F., Hartz, Z., Brousselle, A., & Contandriopoulos, A. P. (2011d). L’appréciation normative. In A. Brousselle, F. Champagne, A. P. Contandriopoulos, & Z. Hartz (Eds.), L’Évaluation: Concepts et Méthodes. Deuxième édition mise à jour. Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal.

Chen, H.-T. (1990). Theory-Driven Evaluations. Sage.

Chen, H.-T. (2005). Practical Program Evaluation. Assessing and improving planning, implementation and effectiveness. Sage Publications.

Chilisa, B., & Mertens, D. M. (2021). Indigenous Made in Africa Evaluation Frameworks: Addressing Epistemic Violence and Contributing to Social Transformation. The American Journal of Evaluation, 42(2), 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214020948601

Chouinard, J. A., & Cram, F. (2020). Culturally responsive approaches to evaluation : empirical implications for theory and practice. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506368559

Clarke, A. E. (2005). Situational analysis: Ground theory after the postmodern turn. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985833

Climate Emergency Declaration. (2024). Climate emergency declarations in 2,309 jurisdictions and local governments cover 1 billion citizens. . Retrieved January 20, 2023 from https://climateemergencydeclaration.org/climate-emergency-declarations-cover-15-million-citizens/

Coast, J. (2004). Is economic evaluation in touch with society’s health values? BMJ, 329(7476), 1233-1236. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7476.1233

Collins, J., & Koplan, J. P. (2009). Health impact assessment: A step toward health in all policies. JAMA, 302(3), 315–317. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1050

Contandriopoulos, D., & Brousselle, A. (2012). Evaluation Models and Evaluation Use. Evaluation, 18(1), 61-77. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389011430371

Contandriopoulos, D., Brousselle, A., Dubois, C.-A., Perroux, M., Beaulieu, M.-D., Brault, I., Kilpatrick, K., D'amour, D., & Sansgter-Gormley, E. (2015). A process-based framework to guide Nurse Parctitioners integration into primary healthcare teams: results from a logic analysis. BMC Health Services Research, 15(78). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-015-0731-5

Cram, F. (2018a). Conclusion: Lessons About Indigenous Evaluation. In F. Cram, K. A. Tibbetts, & J. LaFrance (Eds.), Indigenous Evaluation (Vol. 159, pp. 121-133).

Cram, F. (2018b). Editors’ Notes: A Stepping Stone in Indigenous Evaluation. In F. Cram, K. A. Tibbetts, & J. LaFrance (Eds.), Indigenous Evaluation (pp. 7-16). New Directions for Evaluation. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.20327

Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.

D’Alessandro, S., Cieplinski, A., Distefano, T., & al., e. (2020). Feasible alternatives to green growth. Nature Sustainability, 3, 329–335. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0484-y

Dale, A., Robinson, J., King, L., Burch, S., Newell, R., Shaw, A., & Jost, F. (2020). Meeting the climate change challenge: Local government climate action in British Columbia, Canada. Climate Policy, 20(7), 866–880. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2019.1651244

Delahais, T., & Toulemonde, J. (2012). Applying contribution analysis: Lessons from five years of practice. Evaluation, 18(3), 281–293. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389012450810

Deranger, E., Gobbi, J., & Sinclair, R. (2021). Decolonizing Climate Policy in Canada, Report from phase 1, Indigenous Climate Action. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e8e4b5ae8628564ab4bc44c/t/6061cb5926611066ba64a953/1617021791071/pcf_critique_FINAL.pdf

District of Sooke. (2022). District of Sooke Official Community Plan. https://sooke.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022-08-30-District-of-Sooke-OCP-August-Draft-Update-Web-Quality-3.pdf

Domenighetti, G. (1998). Equité, priorités sanitaires et société civile. Epistula ALASS, 26, 9-13.

Donabedian, A. (1980). Exploration in Quality Assessment and Monitoring (Vol.1). The Definition of Quality and Approaches to Its Assessment. Health Administration Press,.

Donaldson, C., Currie, G., & Mitton, C. (2002). Cost effectiveness analysis in health care: Contraindications. BMJ, 325(7369), 891-894. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7369.891

Drummond, M. F., Sculpher, M. J., Claxton, K., Stoddart, G. L., & Torrance, G. W. (1998). Méthodes d’évaluation économique des programmes de santé, 2e édition. Economica.

Eddama, O., & Coast, J. (2008). A systematic review of the use of economic evaluation in local decision-making. Health Policy, 86, 129-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2007.11.010

EvalIndigenous. (2024). Wolastoq Declaration on Indigenous Evaluation. https://www.evalindigenous.net/wolastoq-declaration.html

Evans, J., Bremner, L. K., Johnston, A. L. K., Rowe, G., & Sasakamoose, J. (2020). Exploring Indigenous Approaches to Evaluation and Research in the Context of Victim Services and Supports. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/jr/eiaer-eaame/docs/rsd_rr2020-indigenous-approaches-to-evaluation-and-research-eng.pdf

Ewuoso, C., & Hall, S. (2019). Core aspects of ubuntu: A systematic review. South African Journal of Bioethics and Law, 12(2), 93-103. https://doi.org/10.7196/sajbl.2019.v12i2.00679

Fischer, F. (2019). Knowledge politics and post-truth in climate denial: on the social construction of alternative facts. Critical Policy Studies, 13(2), 133-152. https://doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2019.1602067

Fischer, F. (2021). Truth and post-truth in public policy : interpreting the arguments. Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/truth-and-posttruth-in-public-policy/EF614DD10AF388DAE0ABB644539AF668

Fournier, D. M. (2005). Evaluation. In S. Mathison (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Evaluation (pp. 139). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412950558

Fox-Rushby, J., & Cairns, J. E. (2005). Economic evaluation. Maidenhead (NY) Open University Press.

Fretchtling, J. A. (2007). Logic Modeling Methods in Program Evaluation. Jossey-Bass.

Fuller, R., Landrigan, P. J., Balakrishnan, K., Bathan, G., Bose-O'Reilly, S., Brauer, M., Caravanos, J., Chiles, T., Cohen, A., Corra, L., Cropper, M., Ferraro, G., Hanna, J., Hanrahan, D., Hu, H., Hunter, D., Janata, G., Kupka, R., Lanphear, B., . . . Yan, C. (2022). Pollution and health: a progress update. The Lancet Planetary Health, 6(6), e535-e547. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0

Funnel, S. E., & Rogers, P. (2011). Purposeful Program Theory. Jossey-Bass.

Gifford, R. (2011). The Dragons of Inaction: Psychological Barriers That Limit Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation. The American Psychologist, 66(4), 290-302. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023566

Gold, M., Siegel, J., Russell, L., & Weinstein, M. E. (1996). Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. Oxford University Press.

Gore, T., M., A., & A., R. (2020). Confronting Carbon Inequality. Putting Climate Justice at the Heart of COVID-19 Recovery (O. M. Briefing, Ed.) https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/621052/mb-confronting-carbon-inequality-210920-en.pdf

Gorski, D., & Yamey, G. (2021). Covid-19 and the new merchants of doubt. The BMJ Opinion. https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2021/09/13/covid-19-and-the-new-merchants-of-doubt/

Gouvernement du Québec. (2014). Rapport de la Commission de révision permanente des programmes. https://www.tresor.gouv.qc.ca/fileadmin/PDF/revision_programmes/rapport_2014.pdf

Government of Canada. (2014). Chapter 9: Research involving the First Nations, Inuit and Métis People of Canada in the latest edition of Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans. http://www.pre.ethics.gc.ca/eng/policy-politique/initiatives/tcps2-eptc2/chapter9-chapitre9/

Government of Canada. (2024). Consolidation. The Constitution Acts 1867 to 1982. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/Const_TRD.pdf

Greve, B. (2012). Happiness. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203234471

Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). The coming of age of evaluation. In E. G. Guba & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Fourth Generation Evaluation (pp. 21-49). Sage Publications.

Gupta, K., Sleezer, C., & Russ-Eft, D. F. (2014). A practical guide to needs assessment (Third edition). Wiley.

Hadorn, D. C. (1991). Setting health care priorities in Oregon. JAMA, 265(17), 2218-2225. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1991.03460170072036

Hadorn, D. C. (1996). The Oregon priority-setting exercise: cost-effectiveness and the rule of rescue, revisited. Medical Decision Making, 16(2), 117-119. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X9601600203

Hansen, J., Sato, M., Simons, L., & al., e. (2023). Global warming in the pipeline. Oxford Open Climate Change, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgad008

Hargreaves, M. (2021). Bricolage: A pluralistic approach to evaluating human ecosystem initiatives. . In E. F. Gates, M. P. Walton, & P. Vidueira (Eds.), Systems and Complexity-Informed Evaluation: Insights from Practice. (pp. 113–124). New Directions for Evaluation. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.20460

Heras-Saizarbitoria, I., Urbieta, L., & Boiral, O. (2022). Organizations' engagement with sustainable development goals: From cherry-picking to SDG-washing? Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 29, 316–328. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2202

Hewitt, G., Sims, S., & Harris, R. (2012). The realist approach to evaluation research: An introduction. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 19(5), 250–259. https://doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2012.19.5.250

Hickel, J. (2017). The Divide. A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions. Penguin Random House.

Hopkins, R. (2014). Cofounder of the Transition Town Totnes and of the Transition Network, Interview (video), under the direction of Marie-Monique Robin, ARTE France et M2R Films. https://youtu.be/NN0XSBXyS4w

House, E., & Howe, K. (1999). Values in Evaluation and Social Research. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452243252

House, E. R. (2015). Evaluating: Values, Biases, and Practical Wisdom. Information Age Publishing. https://www.vitalsource.com/en-ca/products/evaluating-values-biases-and-practical-wisdom-ernest-r-house-v9781623969172

House, E. R. (2020). Evaluating in a Fragmented Society. Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation, 16(36), 26-36. https://doi.org/10.56645/jmde.v16i36.653

Hudon, C., Chouinard, M.-C., Brousselle, A., Brisson, M., & Danish, A. (2020). Evaluating complex interventions in real context: Logic analysis of a case management program for frequent users of healthcare services. Evaluation and Program Planning, 79(April). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2019.101753

Hurteau, M., & Williams, D. D. (2014). Credible judgment: Combining truth, beauty, and justice. In J. C. Griffith & B. Montrosse-Moorhead (Eds.), Revisiting truth, beauty, and justice: Evaluating with validity in the 21st century (Vol. 142, pp. 45–56). New Directions for Evaluation,. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.20084

Hurtubise, K., Brousselle, A., Camden, C., & Noel, M. (2020). Using collaborative logic analysis evaluation to test the program theory of an intensive interdisciplinary pain treatment for youth with pain-related disability. Paediatric and Neonatal Pain, 2, 113-130. https://doi.org/10.1002/pne2.12018

IPCC. (2018). Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf

IPCC. (2022). Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf

IPCC. (2023). Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.)]. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_SYR_SPM.pdf

Jackson, T. (2017). Prosperity Without Growth: Foundations for the Economy of Tomorrow, 2nd edition. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315677453

Jagosh, J., Bush, P. L., Salsberg, J., & al., e. (2015). A realist evaluation of community-based participatory research: Partnership synergy, trust building and related ripple effects. BMC Public Health, 15, 725. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1949-1

Jarman, J. (2016). Motivated to Ingore the Facts. The Inability of Fact-Checking to Promote Truth in the Public Sphere. In J. Hannan (Ed.), Truth in the Public Sphere (pp. 179-200). Lexington Books.

Karanikolos, M., Mladovsky, P., & Cylus, J., et al. (2013). Financial crisis, austerity, and health in Europe. The Lancet, 381(9874), 1323–1331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60102-6

Kim, Y., Kim, Y., Lee, H. J., Lee, S., S.Y., P., Oh, S. H., Jang, S., T., L., Ahn, J., & Shin, S. (2022). The Primary Process and Key Concepts of Economic Evaluation in Healthcare. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 55(5), 415-423. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.195

King, J. A., Lyons Morris, L., & Taylor Fitz-Gibbon, C. (1987). How to Assess Program Implementation. Sage Publications.

Klein, G. (2011). Critical thinking. Theoretical Issues Ergonomics Science, 12(3), 210–224.

Krueger, R. A. (2014). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research. Sage publications.

Lamb, W. F., Mattioli, G., Levi, S., & Roberts, J. T. (2020). Discourses of climate delay. Global Sustainability, 3. https://doi.org/10.1017/sus.2020.13

Lambert, S., Heimlick, M., Marzano, M., Mark-Shadbolt, M., & Smith, V. (2024). Theory-of-Change Visuals: Using Diagrams, Metaphors, and Symbols to Communicate Complex Ideas and Get Buy-In. Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation / Revue canadienne d’évaluation de programme, 39(2), 288-312. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjpe-2024-0028

Langley, A. (1999). Strategies for theorizing from process data. Academy of Management Review, 24, 691-710. https://doi.org/10.2307/259349

Langley, A., Smallman, C., Tsoukas, H., & Van de Ven, A. H. (2013). Process studies of change in organization and management: Unveiling temporality, activity, and flow. Academy of Management Journal, 56, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2013.4001

Lewis, D. (1973). Causation. Journal of Philosophy, 70(17), 556-567. https://doi.org/10.2307/2025310

Lim, M. M. L., Søgaard Jørgensen, P., & Wyborn, C. A. (2018). Reframing the sustainable development goals to achieve sustainable development in the Anthropocene-a systems approach. Ecology and Society, 23(3), 22. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-10182-230322

Locke, J. (1975). An essay concerning human understanding. Clarendon Press.

Loseke, D. (2013). Methodological thinking: Basic principles of social research design. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071802700

Love, A. (2004). Implementation evaluation. In J. S. Wholey, H. P. Hatry, & K. E. Newcomer (Eds.), Handbook of practical program evaluation. Jossey-Bass.

MacDonald, G. (2018). Checklist of key considerations for development of program logic models. Retrieved May 30, 2024 from https://impactamas.summaedu.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/logic-models-macdonald_0.pdf

Mackie, J. L. (1974). The cement of the universe: A study of causation. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0198246420.001.0001

Magro, C., Adrien, M.-H., & van den Berg, R. D. (2021). Transforming Evaluation for Transformational Changes. In R. D. van den Berg, C. Magro, & M.-H. Adrien (Eds.), Transformational evaluation for the global crises of our times. International Development Evaluation Association (IDEAS)

Magro, C., & van den Berg, R. (2019). Systems evaluations for transformational change. In R. van den Berg, C. Magro, & S. Salinas Mulder (Eds.), Evaluation for transformational change: Opportunities and challenges for the Sustainable Development Goals (pp. 131-156). International Development Evaluation Association (IDEAS).

Marchand, M. P., & Brousselle, A. (2018). Regards sur l’expérience de la Commission de révision permanente des programmes au Québec. In J. McDavid, A. Brousselle, R. P. Shepherd, & D. Zussman (Eds.), Linking Evaluation and Spending Reviews: Challenges and Prospects (Vol. 32.3, pp. 394–411). Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation /Revue canadienne d’évaluation de programme. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjpe.42961

Mark, M. M., Henry, G. T., & Julnes, G. (2000). Evaluation : an integrated framework for understanding, guiding, and improving policies and programs (1st ed.). Jossey-Bass.

Markiewicz, A., & Patrick, I. (2022/2016). Developing Monitoring and Evaluation Frameworks. SAGE Publications. https://methods.sagepub.com/book/mono/developing-monitoring-and-evaluation-frameworks/toc

Marquardt, J., & Lederer, M. (2022). Politicizing climate change in times of populism: an introduction. Environmental Politics, 31(5), 735-754. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2022.2083478

Marquardt, J., Oliveira, C. M., & Lederer, M. (2022). Same, same but different? How democratically elected right-wing populists shape climate change policymaking. Environmental Politics, 31(5), 777-800. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2022.2053423

Mathison, S. (2005). Encyclopedia of Evaluation (1st ed.). Sage.

Mauskopf, J. A., Paul, J. E., Grant, D. M., & Stergachis, A. (1998). The role of cost-consequence analysis in healthcare decision-making. PharmacoEconomics, 13(3), 277-288. https://doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199813030-00002

Mayne, J. (1999). Addressing Attribution Through Contribution Analysis: Using Performance Measures Sensibly (Discussion Paper, Issue. https://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/FA3-31-1999E.pdf

Mayne, J. (2001). Addressing attribution through contribution analysis: Using performance measures sensibly. Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation, 16(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjpe.016.001

Mayne, J. (2008). Contribution analysis: An approach to exploring cause and effect. The Institutional Learning and Change Initiative, Brief 16. Rome, Italy: http://betterevaluation.org/sites/default/files/ILAC_Brief16_Contribution_Analysis.pdf.

Mayne, J. (2011). Contribution analysis: Addressing cause and effect. In K. Forss, M. Marra, & R. Schwartz (Eds.), Evaluating the Complex: Attribution, Contribution and Beyond (pp. 53–96). Routledge. https://www.doi.org/10.4324/9781315147406-8

Mayne, J. (2012a). Contribution analysis: Coming of age? Evaluation, 18(3), 270-280. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389012451663

Mayne, J. (2012b). Making causal claims. Presentation at the International Program for Development Evaluation Training, Building Skills to Evaluate Development Interventions. 5–30 June, Ottawa, Canada. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/70211

Mayne, J. (2015). Useful Theory of Change Models. Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation / La Revue canadienne d'évaluation de programme, 30.2, 119–142. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjpe.230

McCulloch, M. T., Winter, A., Sherman, C. E., & Trotter, J. A. (2024). 300 years of sclerosponge thermometry shows global warming has exceeded 1.5 °C. Nature Climate Change, 14, 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-023-01919-7

McDavid, J., & Huse, I. (2019). Evaluation Guide for the B.C. Ministry of Health.

McDavid, J., Huse, I., & Hawthorne, L. R. (2019). Program Evaluation and Performance Measurement. An Introduction to Practice. Third Edition. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071878897

McIntyre, L. (2018). Post-truth. MIT Press.

McKie, J., & Richardson, J. (2003). The rule of rescue. Social Science & Medicine, 56(12), 2407-2419. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00244-7

McNeil, K. (n.d.). A Brief History of Our Right to Self-Governance. Pre-Contact to Present. https://fngovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Right-to-Self-Governance-2022_v2.pdf

Mehdipanah, R., Manzano, A., Borrell, C., & al., e. (2015). Exploring complex causal pathways between urban renewal, health and health inequality using a theory-driven realist approach. Social Science & Medicine(124), 266-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.11.050

Mertens, D. (2023). The Pursuit of Social, Economic, and Environmental Justice through Evaluation: Learning from Indigenous Scholars and the Fifth Branch of the Evaluation Theory Tree. Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation, 19(44). https://doi.org/10.56645/jmde.v19i44.749

Mertens, D. (2024). Mixed Methods Designs to Further Social, Economic and Environmental Justice. In C. N. Poth (Ed.), The Sage Handbook of Mixed Methods Research Design. Sage Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529682663

Mertens, D. M. (2018). Mixed Methods Design in Evaluation. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506330631

Mertens, D. M., & Catsambas, T. (2021). Ethical Practice through a Transformative Lens and Methodological Implications in Evaluation. In R. D. van den Berg, P. Hawkins, & N. Stame (Eds.), Ethics for Evaluation. Beyond “doing no harm” to “tackling bad” and “doing good” (pp. 165-187). Routledge.

Mertens, D. M., & Wilson, A. T. (2019). Program Evaluation Theory and Practice (2nd ed.). Guilford.

Meyer, M. W., & Gupta, V. (1994). The performance paradox. Research in Organizational Behavior, 16, 309–369.

Montrosse-Moorhead, B., Bitar, K., Arévalo, J., & Rishko-Porcescu, A. (2019). Revolution in the making: Evaluation “done well” in the era of the SDGs with a Youth Participatory Approach. In R. van den Berg, C. Magro, & S. Salinas Mulder (Eds.), Evaluation for transformational change: Opportunities and challenges for the Sustainable Development Goals. International Development Evaluation Association (IDEAS).

Mountfort, K. R. (2025). An Evaluation of the District of Sooke’s Official Community Plan from a Planetary Health Perspective. University of Victoria. https://hdl.handle.net/1828/20884

National Center for Environmental Economics. (2023). Supplementary Material for the Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Final Rulemaking, “Standards of Performance for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources and Emissions Guidelines for Existing Sources: Oil and Natural Gas Sector Climate Review”. EPA Report on the Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases: Estimates Incorporating Recent Scientific Advances. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2023-12/epa_scghg_2023_report_final.pdf

Nesmith, A. A., Schmitz, C. L., Machado-Escudero, Y., Billiot, S., Forbes, R. A., Powers, M. C. F., Buckhoy, N., & Lawrence, L. A. (2021). The Intersection of Environmental Justice, Climate Change, Community, and the Ecology of Life. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55951-9

Nord, E., Pinto, J. L., Richardson, J., Menzel, P., & Ubel, P. (1999). Incorporating societal concerns for fairness in numerical valuations of health programmes. Health Economics, 8(1), 25-39. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1050(199902)8:1<25::AID-HEC398>3.0.CO;2-H

O’Neill, D., Fanning, A., Lamb, W., & al., e. (2018). A good life for all within planetary boundaries. Nature Sustainability, 1(2), 88–95. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0021-4

O’Neill, D. W. (2020). Beyond green growth. Nature Sustainability, 3, 260–261. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0499-4

Ohlund, B., & Yu, C.-H. (N/A). Threats to Validity of Research Design. https://web.pdx.edu/~stipakb/download/PA555/ResearchDesign.html

Ostrom, E. (2007). Sustainable Social-Ecological Systems: An Impossibility? Science and Technology for Sustainable Well-Being, Annual Meetings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, February 15–19, San Francisco, CA, United States.

Palumbo, D. J. (1987). Politics and Evaluation. In D. J. Palumbo (Ed.), The Politics of Program Evaluation (Vol. 15). Sage Yearbooks in Politics and Public Policy.

Patton, M. (1988). The evaluator’s responsibility for utilization. American Journal of Evaluation, 9, 5–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-1633(88)80059-X

Patton, M. Q. (1997). Utilization-Focused Evaluation (3rd edition ed.). Sage Publications.

Patton, M. Q. (2011). Developmental Evaluation. Applying Complexity Concepts to Enhance Innovation and Use. The Guilford Press.

Patton, M. Q. (2012). Essential of Utilization-Focused Evaluation. Sage.

Patton, M. Q. (2018). A historical perspective on the evolution of evaluation thinking In A. T. Vo & T. Archibald (Eds.), Evaluative Thinking (Vol. 158, pp. 11-28). New Directions for Evaluation. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.20325

Patton, M. Q. (2020). Blue Marble Evaluation : Premises and Principles. The Guilford Press.

Patton, M. Q. (2021a). Blue Marble Evaluation Perspective: How Evaluations Help Solve Global Crises. In R. D. van den Berg, C. Magro, & M.-H. Adrien (Eds.), Transformational Evaluation for the Global Crises of Our Times. International Development Evaluation Association (IDEAS)

Patton, M. Q. (2021b). Evaluation Criteria for Evaluating Transformation: Implications for the Coronavirus Pandemic and the Global Climate Emergency. The American Journal of Evaluation, 42(1), 53–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214020933689

Patton, M. Q. (2023a). Evaluation Theorists' Integrated Practice. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XyWfImIHSts

Patton, M. Q. (2023b). From Evaluation Theory Tree to Theory Forest. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pqBJxm6Dn7k

Pawson, R. (2002). Evidence-based policy: The promise of ‘realist synthesis’. Evaluation, 8(3), 340-358. https://doi.org/10.1177/135638902401462448

Pawson, R., Greenhalgh, T., Harvey, G., & Walshe, K. (2005). Realist review – a new method of systematic review designed for complex policy interventions. Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, 10(S1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1258/1355819054308530

Pawson, R., & Tilley, N. (1997). Realistic Evaluation. Sage.

Pawson, R., & Tilley, N. (2004). Realist evaluation. Available at: www.communitymatters.com.au/RE_chapter.pdf

Penn, A., & Barbrook-Johnson, P. (n.d.). Participatory Systems Mapping: a Practical Guide. https://www.cecan.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/PSM-Workshop-method.pdf

Pinkerton, S. D., Johnson-Masotti, A. P., Derse, A., & Layde, P. M. (2002). Ethical issues in cost-effectiveness analysis. Evaluation and Program Planning, 25(1), 71-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7189(01)00050-7

Poulakidakos, S., Veneti, A., & Frangonikolopoulos, C. (2018). Post-truth, propaganda and the transformation of the spiral of silence. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, 14(3), Preprint. https://doi.org/10.1386/macp.14.3.367_1

Provus, M. (1971). Discrepancy Evaluation for Educationnal Program Improvement and Assessment. McCutchan.

Rabarison, K. M., Bish, C., Massoudi, M., & Giles, W. (2015). Economic Evaluation Enhances Public Health Decision Making. Frontiers in Public Health, 24(3). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00164

Ranmuthugala, G., Cunningham, F. C., Plumb, J. J., & al., e. (2011). A realist evaluation of the role of communities of practice in changing healthcare practice. Implementation Science, 6(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-6-49

Raworth, K. (2017). Doughnut Economics : Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist. Random House Business Books.

Redvers, N., Celidwen, Y., Schultz, C., Horn, O., Githaiga, C., Vera, M., Perdrisat, M., Plume, L. M., Kobei, D., Cunningham Kain, M., Poelina, A., Nelson Rojas, J., & B., B. (2022). The determinants of planetary health: an Indigenous consensus perspective. The Lancet Planetary Health, 6(2), E156-E163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00354-5

Renger, R., & Titcomb, A. (2002). A Three-Step Approach to Teaching Logic Models. American Journal of Evaluation, 23(4), 493–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1098-2140(02)00230-8

Rey, L., Brousselle, A., & Dedobbeleer, N. (2012). Logic analysis: Testing program theory to better evaluate complex interventions. In J. Houle, N. Dubois, S. Lloyd, M. C., Z. Hartz, & A. Brousselle (Eds.), L'évaluation des interventions complexes. Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation/Revue Canadienne d'Évaluation de Programme (Vol. 26, pp. 61–89). https://doi.org/10.3138/cjpe.0026.006

Richardson, K., Steffen, W., Lucht, W., Bendtsen, J., Cornell, S. E., Donges, J. F., Drüke, M., Fetzer, I., Bala, G., von Bloh, W., Feulner, G., Fiedler, S., Gerten, D., Gleeson, T., Hofmann, M., Huiskamp, W., Kummu, M., Mohan, C., Nogués-Bravo, D., . . . Rockström, J. (2023). Earth beyond six of nine planetary boundaries. Science Advances, 9(37). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adh2458

Ridde, V., Robert, É., Guichard, A., & al., e. (2012). L’approche réaliste à l’épreuve du réel de l’évaluation des programmes. Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation, 26(3), 37–59. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjpe.0026.005

Robinson, M. (2018). The Role of Evaluation in Spending Review. In J. McDavid, A. Brousselle, R. P. Shepherd, & D. Zussman (Eds.), Linking Evaluation and Spending Reviews: Challenges and Prospects (Vol. 32.3, pp. 305–315). Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation / Revue canadienne d’évaluation de programme. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjpe.43177

Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., & 2009, e. a. (2009). A safe operating space for humanity. Nature, 461, 472–475. https://doi.org/10.1038/461472a

Rockström, J., & Sukhdev, P. (2016, Accessed on May 9, 2025). Sustainable Development Goals and Food systems EAT, Stockholm Food Forum, https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/research-news/2016-06-14-the-sdgs-wedding-cake.html

Rodriguez-Bilella, P., Salinas Mulder, S., & Zaveri, S. (2021). To Be or Not to Be an Evaluator for Transformational Change: Perspectives from the Global South. In R. van den Berg, C. Magro, & M.-H. Adrien (Eds.), Transformational evaluation the the global crises of our times. International Development Evaluation Association (IDEAS).

Rossi, P. H., Lipsey, M. W., & Henry, G. (2019). Evaluation : a Systematic Approach (8th edition ed.). Sage.

Rowe, A. (2019a). Rapid impact evaluation. Evaluation: The International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice, 25(4), 496–513. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389019870213

Rowe, A. (2019b). Sustainability-ready evaluation: A call to action. New Directions for Evaluation, 162, 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.20365

Rowe, A. (2021). Evaluation at the nexus. Evaluating sustainable development in the 2020s. 2nd edition. In J. I. Uitto (Ed.), Evaluating Environment in International Development (pp. 46-60). Routledge. Taylor and Francis Group.

Rowe, G. (2022). In Indigenous Insights: An Evaluation Podcast. Indigenous evaluation conversations.

Rowe, G. (2024a). Indigenous Insights: An Evaluation Podcast. Indigenous evaluation conversations In S03E03: Environmental Stewardship and Community-Led Stewardship with Heather Burke and Cheyenne Williams.

Rowe, G. (2024b). Indigenous Insights: An Evaluation Podcast. Indigenous evaluation conversations In S03E07: Transforming Indigenous Research and Evaluation with An Garagiola.

Rozworski, M. (2014). Methods of economic evaluation: What are the ethical implications for healthy public policy? N. C. C. f. H. P. P. https://www.ncchpp.ca/docs/2014_EvalEcon_Methodes_En.pdf.

Salter, K., & Kothari, A. (2014). Using realist evaluation to open the black box of knowledge translation: A state-of-the-art review. Implementation Science, 9(1), 115. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-014-0115-y

Saunders, R. P., Evans, M. H., & Joshi, P. (2005). Developing a Process-Evaluation Plan for Assessing Health Promotion Program Implementation: A How-To Guide. Health Promotion Practice, 6(2), 134–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839904273387

Scheirer, M. A. (1994). Designing and Using Process Evaluations. In J. S. Wholey, H. P. Hatry, & K. E. Newcomer (Eds.), Handbook of Practical Program Evaluation (pp. 40-68). Jossey-Bass.

Scheirer, M. A., Shediac, M. C., & Cassady, C. E. (1995). Measuring the implementationof health promotion programs: The case of the breast and cervical-cancer program in Maryland. Health Education Research, 10(1), 11-25. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/10.1.11

Schwartz, B., & Sharpe, K. E. (2006). Practical Wisdom: Aristotle meets Positive Psychology. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7(3), 377–395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-005-3651-y

Scriven, M. (1976). Reasoning. McGraw-Hill.

Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. Houghton Mifflin Company.

Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Leviton, L. C. (1991). Good Theory for Social Program Evaluation. In W. R. Shadish, T. D. Cook, & L. C. Leviton (Eds.), Foundations of Program Evaluation: Theories of Practice (pp. 36-67). Sage Publications.

Shadish, W. R., & Luellen, J. K. (2005). History of evaluation. In S. Mathison (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Evaluation (pp. 183-186). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412950558

Siegel, K. M., & Lima, M. G. B. (2020). When international sustainability frameworks encounter domestic politics: The sustainable development goals and agri-food governance in South America. World Development, 135(105053). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105053

Simoens, S., & Laekeman, G. (2005). Applying health technology assessment to pharmaceutical care: Pitfalls and future directions. Pharmacy World & Science, 27(2), 73-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-004-4098-7

Stafford-Smith, M., Griggs, D., Gaffney, O., Ullah, F., Reyers, B., Kanie, N., Stigson, B., Shrivastava, P., Leach, M., & O’Connell, D. (2017). Integration: the key to implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainability Science, 12, 911–919. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0383-3

Statistics Canada. (2022). Canada’s large urban centres continue to grow and spread. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220209/dq220209b-eng.pdf

Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., & al., e. (2015). Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing planet. Science, 347, 1259855. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259855

Stern, E. (2015). Impact Evaluation. A Guide for Commissioners and Managers. https://www.bond.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/impact_evaluation_guide_0515.pdf

Stern, E., Stame, N., Mayne, J., Forss, K., Davies, R., & Befani, B. (2012). Broadening the Range of Designs and Methods for Impact Evaluations. Report of a study commissioned by the Department for International Development (DFID Working Paper 38, Issue. https://www.oecd.org/derec/50399683.pdf

Stuckler, D., & Basu, S. (2013). The Body Economic: Why Austerity Kills. Basic Books.

Stuckler, D., Basu, S., Suhrcke, M., & al., e. (2009). The public health effect of economic crises and alternative policy responses in Europe: An empirical analysis. . The Lancet, 374(9686), 315–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61124-7

Tchouaket, E., Brousselle, A., Fansi, A., Dionne, P.-A., Bertrand, E., & Fortin, C. (2013). The economic value of Quebec's water fluoridation program. Journal of Public Health, 21(6), 523-533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-013-0578-3

Tengs, T. O., Meyer, G., Siegel, J. E., Pliskin, J. S., Graham, J. D., & Weinstein, M. C. (1996). Oregon's Medicaid ranking and cost-effectiveness: Is there any relationship? Medical Decision Making, 16, 99-197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X9601600201

Tremblay, M.-C., Richard, L., Brousselle, A., & Beaudet, N. (2013). Defining, illustrating and reflecting on logic analysis with an example from a professional development program. Evaluation and Program Planning, 40, 64-73.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015). Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future. Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. https://caid.ca/TRCFinExeSum2015.pdf

Turnbull, R. G. H. E. (1992). Environmental and Health Impact Assessment of Development Projects. A Handbook for Practitioners. Taylor & Francis.

Ubel, P., Loewenstein, G., Scanlon, D., & Kamlet, M. (1996). Individual utilities are inconsistent with rationing choices: A partial explanation of why Oregon's cost-effectiveness list failed. Medical Decision Making, 16(2), 108-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X9601600202

Uitto, J. I. (2021). Evaluation at the Nexus Between Nature and Humanity for Transformational Change. In R. D. van den Berg, C. Magro, & M.-H. Adrien (Eds.), Transformational Evaluation for the Global Crises of our Times (pp. 87-104). International Development Evaluation Association (IDEAS).

United Nations. (2007). Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People. https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf

Paris Agreement, (2015). https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/convention/application/pdf/english_paris_agreement.pdf

Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework., (2022). https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-15/cop-15-dec-04-en.pdf

United Nations. (2024). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2024. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2024/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2024.pdf

United Nations. (2025). SGDs History. https://sdgs.un.org/goals#history

van den Berg, R., Bours, D., Brousselle, A., Čekan, J., Chaplowe, S., Chelimsky, E., Davies, I., Felcis, W., Leiter, T., Menezes, D., Picciotto, R., Rogers, P., Rowe, A., & Uitto, J. (2022). What should evaluation learn from COP 26? Views of evaluation practitioners. Evaluation, 28(1), 7-35. https://doi.org/10.1177/13563890221074173

Van Dooren, W., Bouckaert, G., & Halligan, J. (2015). Performance Management in the Public Sector (2nd edition). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315817590

Van Dooren, W., Bouckaert, G., & Halligan, J. (2025). Performance Management in the Public Sector (3rd ed.). Routledge.

Van Thiel, S., & Leeuw, F. L. (2002). The performance paradox in the public sector. Public Performance & Management Review, 25, 267–281.

Veatch, R. M. (1995). The role of ethics in quality and accountability initiatives. Medical Care, 33, JS69-JS76.

Viadro, C., Earp, J. A. L., & Altpeter, M. (1997). Designing a process evaluation for a comprehensive breast cancer screening intervention: Challenges and opportunities. Evaluation and Program Planning, 20(3), 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7189(97)00001-3

Wahl, D. C. (2016). Designing Regenerative Cultures. Triarchy Press.

Weinstein, M. C. (2006). Recent developments in decision-analytic modelling for economic evaluation. PharmacoEconomics, 24, 1043-1053. https://doi.org/10.2165/00019053-200624110-00002

Weiss, C. (1973/1993). Where Politics and Evaluation Research Meet. Evaluation Practice, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/109821409301400119

Weiss, C. (1988). If program decisions hinged only on information: a response to Patton. American Journal of Evaluation, 9(15), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-1633(88)80042-4

Weiss, C. (1998). Evaluation. Second Edition. Prentice Hall.

Whitmee, S., Haines, A., Beyrer, C., Boltz, F., Capon, A. G., de Souza Dias, B. F., Ezeh, A., Frumkin, H., Gong, P., Head, P., Horton, R., Mace, G. M., Marten, R., Myers, S. S., Nishtar, S., Osofsky, S. A., Pattanayak, S. K., Pongsiri, M. J., Romanelli, C., & al., e. (2015). Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation– Lancet Commission on planetary health. The Lancet, 386(10007), 1973–2028. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-1

Whyte, K. (2019). Too late for indigenous climate justice: Ecological and relational tipping points, WIREs Climate Change https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.603

Wilkinson, H., Hills, D., Penn, A., & Barbrook-Johnson, P. (2021). Building a system-based Theory of Change using Participatory Systems Mapping. Evaluation, 27(1), 80-101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389020980493

Williams, A. (1992). Cost-effectiveness analysis: Is it ethical? Journal of Medical Ethics, 18(1), 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.18.1.7

Williams, A. H., & Cookson, R. A. (2006). Equity-efficiency trade-offs in health technology assessment. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 22(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026646230605077X

Williams, I., McIver, S., Moore, D., & Bryan, S. (2008). The use of economic evaluations in NHS decision-making: A review and empirical investigation. Health Technology Assessment, 12(7), iii, ix-x, 1-175. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta12070

Wilson-Grau, R. (2019). Outcome Harvesting: Principles, Steps, and Evaluation Applications. Information Age Publishing.

Wilson-Grau, R., H., B., Dewata, Y., Rogers, P., & Stevenes, K. (2024). Outcome Harvesting, Better Evaluation. https://www.betterevaluation.org/methods-approaches/approaches/outcome-harvesting

Witkin, B. R., & Altschuld, J. W. (1995). Needs Assessment. In S. Mathison (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Evaluation (pp. 276-277). Sage Publications.

World Health Organization. Constitution. https://www.who.int/about/governance/constitution

World Health Organization. Health equity. https://www.who.int/health-topics/health-equity#tab=tab_1

World Health Organization. (2019). Healthy prosperous lives for all: the European health equity status report. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/326879

World Wild Fund for Nature. (2022). The living Planet Report 2022. World Wild Fund for Nature. Retrieved July 26, 2023 from https://livingplanet.panda.org

Wright, J., Parry, J., & Scully, E. (2005). Institutionalizing policy-level health impact assessment in Europe: Is coupling health impact assessment with strategic environmental assessment the next step forward? Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 83(6), 472–477.

Yanow, D. (2000). Conducting interpretive policy analysis. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412983747

Zapka, J., Goins, K. V., Pbert, L., & Ockene, J. K. (2004). Translating efficacy research to effectiveness studies in practice: Lessons from research to promote smoking cessation in community health care centers. Health Promotion Practice, 5(3), 245-255. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839904263713

Annotate

Previous
EPUB
This book is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. This means that you are free to share and build upon the material, so long as you give appropriate credit and indicate if changes are made. You may not use the material for commercial purposes. Under this license, anyone who redistributes or modifies this book, in whole or in part, can do so for free providing they properly attribute the book as follows: Brousselle, A. (2026). Foundations of Evaluation for Planetary Health. Victoria, B.C. University of Victoria Libraries. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18357/9781550587364
Powered by Manifold Scholarship. Learn more at
Opens in new tab or windowmanifoldapp.org